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@@CONVENTIONS USED IN THIS FILE, TRADEMARK ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ NOTATION CONVENTIONS: ║ ║ ║ ║ [] Square brackets surround an entry that is optional. ║ ║ ║ ║ {} Braces surround an entry that is not optional. You ║ ║ must make an entry for such items. ║ ║ ║ ║ d: represents a drive designator letter (example A:) ║ ║ ║ ║ filename is any valid DOS file name. ( 1 to 8 characters ) ║ ║ ║ ║ filespec is a complete DOS file specification including a drive ║ ║ designator, path, filename, and extension. If any of ║ ║ these are missing, the default is assumed. ║ ║ ║ ║ .ext is any valid DOS filemane extension (1 to 3 characters)║ ║ ║ ║ path is a subdirectory name or a series of nested ║ ║ subdirectory names. (example \directory\directory\..) ║ ║ ║ ║ parameters are options to DOS commands, and are preceded by a / ║ ║ ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ ║ ║ TRADEMARK ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: ║ ║ ║ ║ MS DOS, EDLIN, and DEBUG are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation ║ ║ ║ ║ PC DOS is a trademark of International Business Corporation (IBM) ║ ║ ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ ║ ║ While every attempt has been made to assure the accuracy and completeness ║ ║ of the information in this on line reference guide, inaccuracies or ║ ║ inconsistencies may be contained herein. Smartware will not be held ║ ║ responsible for the material herein, or any losses resulting from its use. ║ ║ ║ ║ Due to variations in versions of DOS that are available for the many PC - ║ ║ compatible machines, we strongly suggest that you consult the documantation ║ ║ that came with your computer to resolve any discrepancies with the ║ ║ information herein, and for any critical applications. ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@ADDCRT - Load support for high resolution monitor $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : ADDCRT ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : External ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : ADDCRT ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Instructs DOS to load BIOS support for a high resolution ║ ║ monitor ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ EXAMPLE : ║ ║ A>ADDCRT ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 3.1 and higher, PC DOS 3.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@ADRS232C - Place COM port in RS232C mode $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : ADRS232C ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : External ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : ADRS232C {port designation} ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Places the designated COM port in advanced RS232C mode, which ║ ║ allows XON/XOFF handshaking. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : Port designation is as follows: ║ ║ 0 - COM1, 1 - COM2 ║ ║ ║ ║ ADRS232C stays resident, and is only removed by rebooting. ║ ║ Additional loadings consume additional memory ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ EXAMPLE : A>ADRS232C 1 ║ ║ installs XON/XOFF handshaking for COM2 ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 3.1 and higher, PC DOS 3.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@ASSIGN - Redirect disk access $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : ASSIGN ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : External ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : ASSIGN {x} = {y} ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Redirects requests for an already specified disk drive to a ║ ║ different drive. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : ASSIGN stays in effect until cancelled or until the system ║ ║ is rebooted. ║ ║ ║ ║ An ASSIGN statement cancels any previous ASSIGNs. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ EXAMPLE : A>ASSIGN A=B redirects any request for drive A to drive B ║ ║ ║ ║ A>ASSIGN A=B C=B redirects requests for either A or C to B ║ ║ ║ ║ A>ASSIGN cancels any existing ASSIGNment ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 2.11 and higher, PC DOS 2.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@ATTRIB - Set file attributes $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : ATTRIB ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : External ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : ATTRIB [+R/-R] Filename ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Displays or sets file attributes for the specified file ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : Filename can be a complete file name ║ ║ (D:\Path\Filename.Ext). Defaults to the current ║ ║ drive and directory if not specified. ║ ║ ║ ║ +R sets the file attribute to read only. -R cancels the ║ ║ read only attribute to allow the file to be changed or ║ ║ deleted. ║ ║ ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ EXAMPLE : A>ATTRIB +R A:MYFILE.DOC ;makes myfile.doc read only ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 3.1 and higher, PC DOS 3.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@BACKUP - Back up files $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : BACKUP ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : External ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : BACKUP [Filespec] [Destination Drive] [Parameters] ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Copies files from one drive to another in a compressed format. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : Filespec identifies the file(s) to be backed up. Can be as ║ ║ general as a drive name, or as specific as one file in a ║ ║ subdirectory. ║ ║ ║ ║ Files that have been BACKedUP are stored in a compressed ║ ║ format and are therefore unusable in their backed up state. ║ ║ Use the DOS Function RESTORE to retrieve files from an archive. ║ ║ ║ ║ Exit (error) codes are set on exit from BACKUP as follows: ║ ║ ║ ║ 0 - Normal Completion ║ ║ 1 - No files matching filespec (or /S parameter) were found ║ ║ to back up ║ ║ 3 - Terminated by user (Ctrl Break) ║ ║ 4 - Terminated due to error ║ ║ These exit codes can be tested in a batch file with the ║ ║ IF subcommand. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ PARAMETERS : /S Causes all files in the current directory AND ALL ║ ║ subdirectories to be backed up. ║ ║ ║ ║ /M Causes only files that have been modified since the last ║ ║ back up to be backed up. ║ ║ ║ ║ /A Causes BACKUP to append backup files to the files already ║ ║ on the destination drive. If /A is not specified, all ║ ║ existing files on the destination drive will be erased. ║ ║ Also, if /A is used, BACKUP will begin the back up without ║ ║ prompting you to insert a disk in the destination drive. ║ ║ ║ ║ /P Pack as many files as possible onto each diskette. If ║ ║ necessary, create a subdirectory if that is the only way ║ ║ to fill the diskette. ║ ║ ║ ║ /D Specifies that only files written or modified since the ║ ║ date given are to be backed up. ║ ║ Format is /D:mm-dd-yy ║ ║ ║ ║ /T Specifies that only files written or modified since the ║ ║ time given are to be backed up. ║ ║ Format is /T:hh:mm:ss. Note that /T must be used with ║ ║ the /D date parameter. ║ ║ ║ ║ /L Create a log file on the source drive unless otherwise ║ ║ specified. Log contains the date and time of the backup, ║ ║ and a list of all file names backed up, along with the ║ ║ number of the backup disk on which the file was placed. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ EXAMPLE : BACKUP C:MYFILES.* A: ;backs up all files on C: with the name ║ ║ MYFILES and any extension. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 2.11 and higher, PC DOS 2.1 and higher ║ ║ Contains enhanced features available only with MS DOS 3.1 and ║ ║ PC DOS 3.1 and higher. ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@BREAK - Disable/enable CTRL C $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : BREAK ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : Internal ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : BREAK ON / OFF ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Sets Cntrl C check ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : If an application program uses Ctrl C this command can be used ║ ║ to turn off the DOS Ctrl C so that the Ctrl C will not be ║ ║ trapped by DOS, and will be passed to the application program. ║ ║ BREAK OFF disables DOS trapping of Ctrl C and BREAK ON re-enables ║ ║ DOS Ctrl C trapping. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 2.11 and higher, PC DOS 2.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@CHDIR - Change current directory $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : CHDIR (CD) ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : Internal ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : CHDIR [d:path] ║ ║ or ║ ║ CD [d:path] ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Changes directory to a different path if path is given, ║ ║ or displays current directory if no path is given. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : Use backslash (\) to separate subdirectory names for nested ║ ║ subdirectories. ║ ║ Ex: CD\root_dir\subdir\next_lower_dir ║ ║ ║ ║ Use shorthand form: ║ ║ CD .. ║ ║ to change to parent directory of current directory. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 2.11 and higher, PC DOS 2.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@CHKDSK - Check disk $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : CHKDSK ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : External ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : CHKDSK [d:][filename.ext] [parameters] ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Checks the directory of the default (if none specified), ║ ║ or the specied drive for consistency. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : Checks the disk for directory errors. Also, reports disk size, ║ ║ number of files, hidden files, bytes used, and bytes free on ║ ║ the disk, and the number of bytes available in system memory. ║ ║ ║ ║ The ouput of CHKDSK can be redirected to a disk file with the ║ ║ command: ║ ║ CHKDSK d: > filename ║ ║ Note that redirection to a file is incompatible with the /F ║ ║ parameter. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ PARAMETERS : /F if given, the system will attempt to correct any errors ║ ║ found in the directtory or the File Allocation Table. ║ ║ ║ ║ /V if given, CHKDSK will report progress messages as it is ║ ║ running. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ MESSAGES : CHKDSK may display any of the following messages: ║ ║ ║ ║ MESSAGE MEANING CORRECTED IF ║ ║ /F IS INCLUDED? ║ ║ ║ ║ All specified files File(s) specified are written n/a ║ ║ are contiguous sequentially on the disk. ║ ║ ║ ║ Allocation error for The named file had a data block Yes ║ ║ file, size adjusted allocated to it with a data block ║ ║ larger than largest possible ║ ║ block number. CHKDSK truncates ║ ║ the file short of the bad block. ║ ║ ║ ║ [filename] has invalid The named file has an invalid Yes ║ ║ cluster, file pointer to the data area. CHKDSK ║ ║ truncated truncates the file short of the ║ ║ bad block. ║ ║ ║ ║ [filename] contains n File is not physically located No ║ ║ non contiguous blocks in sequential blocks on the disk. ║ ║ The result is slightly slower ║ ║ sequential access to the file. ║ ║ ║ ║ MESSAGE MEANING CORRECTED IF ║ ║ /F IS INCLUDED? ║ ║ ║ ║ Disk error writing CHKDSK detects an error in updating Yes ║ ║ FAT x the File Allocation Table. X refers ║ ║ to copies 1 or 2 of the FAT. If this ║ ║ error appears twice, once for each ║ ║ copy of the FAT, the disk should be ║ ║ considered unusable (Floppy diskettes) ║ ║ ║ ║ Entry has a bad Two periods in the message may Yes ║ ║ attribute (or size, indicate which entry in the sub- ║ ║ or link) directory was in error. ║ ║ ║ ║ Errors found, F If /F parameter is not given, CHKDSK Yes ║ ║ parameter has not been does not have permission to correct ║ ║ specified. No correction any errors found. This message ║ ║ has been made. indicates that no corrections have ║ ║ been made. ║ ║ ║ ║ MESSAGE MEANING CORRECTED IF ║ ║ /F IS INCLUDED? ║ ║ ║ ║ ║ ║ File is cross-linked The same data block is allocated to No ║ ║ on cluster n two files. Make a copy of each file ║ ║ with a new filename (if you want to ║ ║ keep then), then delete the cross- ║ ║ linked files. One of the copies of ║ ║ the files will be corupted. ║ ║ ║ ║ First cluster number File has an invalid pointer to the Yes ║ ║ is invalid, entry data area. File is truncated to ║ ║ truncated zero length. ║ ║ ║ ║ Incorrect DOS version CHKDSK can not operate on files No ║ ║ created by DOS versions lower than ║ ║ 2.0 ║ ║ ║ ║ ║ ║ MESSAGE MEANING CORRECTED IF ║ ║ /F IS INCLUDED? ║ ║ ║ ║ Insufficient Memory Caused by insufficient system No ║ ║ CHKDSK can not continue memory. Try removing any resident ║ ║ (TSR) programs. ║ ║ ║ ║ Insufficient room in Because of DOS limitation on number No ║ ║ root directory. Erase of files in root directory, CHKDSK ║ ║ files in root and repeat cannot create files from the lost ║ ║ CHKDSK data blocks. Try copying some files ║ ║ to another disk and deleting them from ║ ║ the root directory of disk you're ║ ║ checking, then repeat. ║ ║ ║ ║ Invalid current directory. CHKDSK can not continue. Try No ║ ║ Processing can not rebooting the system and rerunning ║ ║ continue. CHKDSK ║ ║ ║ ║ Invalid Subdirectory CHKDSK has detected errors in the Yes ║ ║ subdirectory. ║ ║ ║ ║ ║ ║ MESSAGE MEANING CORRECTED IF ║ ║ /F IS INCLUDED? ║ ║ ║ ║ Probable non - DOS disk The disk is either not DOS format Yes, if ║ ║ Continue (Y/N)? or is damaged. Y is ║ ║ selected ║ ║ ║ ║ Unrecoverable error in If Y, CHKDSK will convert the Yes, if ║ ║ directory. Convert directory into a file. You can then Y is ║ ║ directory to file (Y/N)? repair the directory, or delete it. selected ║ ║ ║ ║ (a) lost clusters found If yes, CHKDSK will create file(s) Yes, if ║ ║ in (b) chains. Convert FILEnnnn (nnnn is sequential number, Y is ║ ║ lost chains to files? starting at 0000) The lost clusters selected ║ ║ (Y/N) will be included in the new file(s). ║ ║ and display message 'x bytes disk ║ ║ space freed'. If /F parameter has ║ ║ not been specified, the message is ║ ║ 'x bytes of disk space would be freed' ║ ║ ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ EXAMPLE : CHKDSK A: ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 2.11 and higher, PC DOS 2.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@CLS - Clear monitor screen $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : CLS (Clear Screen) ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : Internal ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : CLS ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Clears the terminal screen ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ EXAMPLE : CLS ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 2.11 and higher, PC DOS 2.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@COMMAND - Invoke a secondary command processor $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : COMMAND ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : External ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : COMMAND [d:][path][parameters] ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Invoke a secondary command processor. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : Typically used within a application program to exit to DOS, then ║ ║ return to the application program. ║ ║ ║ ║ [d:] and [path] (if given) specify where DOS is to look to ║ ║ find the command processor. ║ ║ ║ ║ If parameters are not given, a second copy of the command ║ ║ processor is loaded with the same environment as the primary ║ ║ command processor. The environment of the secondary command ║ ║ processor can be changed with SET, PATH, or MODE. The ║ ║ environment of the primary command processor remains unchanged. ║ ║ ║ ║ If parameters have not been given, the command EXIT returns ║ ║ control to the primary processor. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ PARAMETERS : /P - creates a permanent secondary processor, which can only ║ ║ be removed by rebooting DOS. Note: all open files must ║ ║ be closed before creating a secondary processor ║ ║ ║ ║ /C - Allows any DOS command to be passed as a string to the ║ ║ secondary processor. After execution of the DOS command, ║ ║ control is returned to the primary processor. ║ ║ For example: ║ ║ A>COMMAND /C DIR A ║ ║ loads a secondary command processor, executes the command ║ ║ DIR A, then returns to the primary processor. ║ ║ ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ REFERENCE : EXIT ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 2.11 and higher, PC DOS 2.1 and higher ║ ║ Contains enhanced features available only with MS DOS 3.1 and ║ ║ PC DOS 3.1 and higher. ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@COPY - Copy one or more disk files $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : COPY ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : Internal ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : COPY [parameter][d:][file][parameter] [d:][file][parameter] ║ ║ or: ║ ║ COPY [parameter][d:][file][parameter]+[d:][file][parameter] ║ ║ [d:][file][parameter] ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Copies one or more files from one disk to another, or to a ║ ║ different name on the same disk. ║ ║ ║ ║ Also can be used to copy files to or from other system devices, ║ ║ such as the printer or keyboard. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : First file specified in the command line is the source file, the ║ ║ second is the destination file. ║ ║ ║ ║ Wildcards ? and * can be used in file names. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ PARAMETERS : /V Instructs DOS to verify that the destination file is written ║ ║ accuately ║ ║ ║ ║ /A, /B parameters are used to allow combining of ASCII and ║ ║ binary files. ║ ║ For source files, /A causes COPY to copy up to but not ║ ║ including the end-of-file Ctrl Z. /B causes the entire ║ ║ length to be copied. ║ ║ For destination files, the /A and /B parameters determine║ ║ whether or not a Ctrl Z is placed at the end of the ║ ║ file. (added with /A, not with /B) ║ ║ ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ EXAMPLES : 1. Copy a file from one disk to another, with the same name: ║ ║ A>COPY A:FILE B: copies file FILE from drive A to drive B ║ ║ ║ ║ 2. Copy a file to from one disk to another, with a new name: ║ ║ A>COPY A:FILE_1 B:FILE_2 makes a copy of the file FILE_1 on ║ ║ drive A onto drive B, with the name of the new file ║ ║ on B FILE_2 ║ ║ ║ ║ 3. Copy a file to a different name on the same disk: ║ ║ A>COPY FILE_1 FILE_2 makes a copy of file FILE_1 with the ║ ║ name FILE_2, both on drive A. ║ ║ ║ ║ 4. Combine several files into a new file: ║ ║ A>COPY FILE_1 + FILE_2 FILE_3 Combines files FILE_1 and ║ ║ FILE_2 to make FILE_3. ║ ║ ║ ║ 5. Copy a file to the printer: ║ ║ A>COPY FILE.TXT PRN ║ ║ ║ ║ 6. Copy text from the keyboard to a file: ║ ║ A>COPY CON MYFILE.EXT ║ ║ text.... ║ ║ . ║ ║ . ║ ║ text.... ║ ║ Ctrl Z ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 2.11 and higher, PC DOS 2.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@CTTY - Change console device $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : CTTY ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : Internal ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : CTTY [device] ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Allows you to change the device from which you issue commands. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : The [device] is the device from which DOS commands are issued. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ EXAMPLE : A>CTTY AUX moves all command I/O to the AUX device. ║ ║ ║ ║ A>CTTY CON restores the console (keyboard and monitor) as the ║ ║ DOS command device. ║ ║ ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 2.11 and higher, PC DOS 2.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@DATE - Display/change date of system clock calendar $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : DATE ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : Internal ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : DATE [mm-dd-yy] ║ ║ or ║ ║ DATE [mm/dd/yy] ║ ║ or ║ ║ DATE [mm.dd.yy] ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Display or set the system date. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : If you do not supply a date in the command line the following ║ ║ message is displayed: ║ ║ Current Date is (day) (mm-dd-yy) ║ ║ Enter new date: ║ ║ Press ENTER or RETURN to leave the date unchanged. ║ ║ Enter a new date in the format mm-dd-yy then press RETURN to ║ ║ change the date. ║ ║ ║ ║ Alternately, the date can be changed directly by entering: ║ ║ A>DATE 9-30-97 ║ ║ In this case, the system date is changed, and no message is shown ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 2.11 and higher, PC DOS 2.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@DEL - Delete file(s) $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : DEL ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : Internal ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : DEL [d:][path][filename][.ext] ║ ║ or ║ ║ ERASE [d:][path][filename][.ext] ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Deletes all files matching the file specification. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : If the command DEL *.* is given, the prompt: ║ ║ Are you sure (Y/N)? is given. ║ ║ If the answer Y RETURN is given then all files on the disk or in ║ ║ the current subdirectory are deleted. ║ ║ ║ ║ Files with Read-Only attribute can not be DELeted. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 2.11 and higher, PC DOS 2.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@DIR - Display directory $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : DIR ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : Internal ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : DIR [d:][path][filename][.ext][parameters] ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Displays a list of all files in the directory. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : If no disk drive is given, DIR defaults to the current drive. If ║ ║ no file name is give, all files on the specified (or default) ║ ║ drive and path are listed. ║ ║ ║ ║ Wild cards ? for a single character, and * for any number of ║ ║ characters can be used in the file name and extension. ║ ║ ║ ║ For a printed listing of the directory, the output of the DIR ║ ║ command can be redirected with the command: ║ ║ A>DIR > PRN ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ PARAMETERS: /W Instructs DOS to display a Wide listing of the directory. ║ ║ Filenames are listed in five columns accross the screen, ║ ║ allowing five times as many file names to be visible on the ║ ║ screen. To make room for the additional information, the ║ ║ file size and date and time of last update are not displayed║ ║ ║ ║ /P Instructs DOS to pause after displaying each full screen of ║ ║ the directory listing, and wait for a keypress to continue. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 2.11 and higher, PC DOS 2.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@DISKCOMP - Compare contents of two diskettes $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : DISKCOMP ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : External ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : DISKCOMP [d:] [d:][parameter] ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Compares the contents of two diskettes ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : Diskettes are compared track by track, and any track not matching ║ ║ is identified. ║ ║ ║ ║ The two diskettes to be compared must be of the same type and ║ ║ size. ║ ║ ║ ║ Do not use DISKCOMP to compare different size disks such as a ║ ║ diskette and a fixed disk. ║ ║ ║ ║ To compare only two files use the DOS COMP utility. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ PARAMETERS : /1 : Only the first side of each diskette are compared. ║ ║ ║ ║ /8 : Only 8 sectors per track are compared, regardless of the ║ ║ actual number of sectors present. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 2.11 and higher, PC DOS 2.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@DISKCOPY - Copy the contents of one diskette to another $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : DISKCOPY ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : External ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : DISKCOPY [d:] [d:][parameter] ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Copies the entire contents of the source diskette to the ║ ║ destination diskette. This command is to be used only for copying ║ ║ diskettes. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : The first drive listed in the command line is the source drive, ║ ║ the second is the destination. ║ ║ ║ ║ You can specify the same drive for both source and destination, ║ ║ in which case you will be prompted which disk to install in the ║ ║ drive for each operation in the diskcopy. ║ ║ ║ ║ If the desination diskette is not formatted, or is formatted with ║ ║ a different format, DISKCOPY will format the destination diskette ║ ║ to the same format as the source diskette. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ PARAMETER : /1 Instructs DOS to copy only the first side of the diskette. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 2.11 and higher, PC DOS 2.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@ECHO - Enable/disable echoing of batch file commands to monitor $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : ECHO ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : Internal ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : ECHO ON/OFF/message ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Turns batch echo feature on amd off ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : Normally, the commands in a batch file are echoed (displayed) on ║ ║ the screen as they are executed. ECHO OFF turns this feature off ║ ║ ECHO ON turns this feature back on. ║ ║ ║ ║ If OFF or ON are not specified, the current status of ECHO is ║ ║ displayed. ║ ║ ║ ║ If a message is give that message will be echoed to the screen ║ ║ regardless of whether ECHO is ON or OFF. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 2.11 and higher, PC DOS 2.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@EXE2BIN - EXE to BINARY file conversion $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : EXE2BIN ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : External ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : EXE2BIN [d:][path][filename][.ext][d:][path][filename][.ext] ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Converts files from .EXE format to binary format. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ REQUIREMENTS: The input file must be in valid .EXE format produced by the ║ ║ linker. ║ ║ ║ ║ The actual code and data part of the file must be less than ║ ║ 64 K bytes. ║ ║ ║ ║ There must be no STACK segment. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : The first parameter is the input file. If no extension is given ║ ║ then the default is .EXE. The second parameter is the output file.║ ║ The output file drive is the current drive unless explicitly ║ ║ stated. If no output file name is given the name of the input file║ ║ is the default. The default output extension is .BIN. ║ ║ ║ ║ If initial CS:IP is not specified, a pure binary conversion is ║ ║ assumed. If segment fixups are necessary, the following message ║ ║ is given: ║ ║ Fixups needed - base segment (hex): ║ ║ Execution continues after typing a legal hexadecimal number and ║ ║ pressing return. ║ ║ ║ ║ If CS:IP is specified as 100H, then it is assumed that the file ║ ║ is to be run as a .COM file, with the location pointer set to ║ ║ 100H by the assembler statement ORG. The first 100H bytes of the ║ ║ file are deleted. No segment fixups are allowed. ║ ║ ║ ║ If CS:IP do not meet one of these criteria the following error ║ ║ message is displayed: ║ ║ File can not be converted ║ ║ ║ ║ Note that to produce standard .COM files with the MACRO-86 ║ ║ assembler, one must both set the file at 100H with the ORG ║ ║ statement and specify the first location as the start address. ║ ║ For example: ║ ║ ORG 100H ║ ║ START: ║ ║ . ║ ║ . ║ ║ . ║ ║ END START ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 2.11 and higher, PC DOS 2.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@EXIT - Exit secondary Command Processor $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : EXIT ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : Internal ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : EXIT ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Exits the command processor (command.com), and returns to the ║ ║ previous level (if any). ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : Used primarily in cases where a secondary command processor has ║ ║ been run out of an application program (A DOS window). The EXIT ║ ║ command terminates the secondary command processor, and returns ║ ║ control to the applications program. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 2.11 and higher, PC DOS 2.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@FIND - Find a string in a file $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : FIND ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : External ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : FIND [parameter][string][d:][path][filename][.ext] ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Searches for a specified string in a file or files. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : FIND searches the filename or list of filenames for the specified ║ ║ string and displays all lines that contain the string. ║ ║ ║ ║ If no input filename is given FIND searches the screen for the ║ ║ specified string and displays all matching lines. ║ ║ ║ ║ Wild cards are not allowed in the file name or extension. ║ ║ ║ ║ The string should be enclosed in quotes. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ PARAMETERS: /V Causes FIND to display all lines NOT containing the specified ║ ║ string. ║ ║ ║ ║ /C Causes FIND to display only the count of how many lines ║ ║ contain the specified string. ║ ║ ║ ║ /N Causes FIND to display not only the lines containing the ║ ║ specified string, but also their line number in the file. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ EXAMPLE : A>FIND "Name" LIST.TXT displays all lines containing the word ║ ║ name in the file LIST.TXT. ║ ║ ║ ║ a:DIR C:|FIND /V "BAK" Displays a directory of C: not listing ║ ║ any file names containing the string ║ ║ "BAK". ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 2.11 and higher, PC DOS 2.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@FOR - Repeated execution of commands $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : FOR ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : Internal ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : FOR %%[c] IN [set] DO [command] -for batch processing ║ ║ FOR %[c] IN [set] DO [command] -for interactive processing ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Allows repeated execution of commands. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : %c is a single character variable name. All characters are valid ║ ║ except 0 - 9, which are reserved as batch file command line ║ ║ parameters. ║ ║ ║ ║ The %%[c] variable is set to each member in the set, and the ║ ║ command executed. ║ ║ ║ ║ If the [set] contains a wild card, the variable is set to each ║ ║ matching pattern from the disk directory. In the case of a wild ║ ║ card only one member (with the wild card) is allowed in the set. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ EXAMPLE : FOR %%a IN (*.OBJ) do LINK %%a executes LINK for all files with ║ ║ the extension .OBJ in a batch. ║ ║ ║ ║ FOR %%a IN (FILE1 FILE2 file3) DO TYPE %%a ║ ║ types the three files to the ║ ║ screen. ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@FORMAT - Format a diskette or disk $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : FORMAT ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : External ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : FORMAT [d:][parameters] ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Formats the specified disk to accept DOS files, analyzing the ║ ║ disk in the process. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : The command initializes the directory and the file allocation ║ ║ tables. ║ ║ ║ ║ If no drive is given the disk in the default drive is formatted. ║ ║ ║ ║ Formatting ERASES ALL EXISTING FILES on a disk. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ PARAMETERS: /1 Causes the disk to be formatted single sided, regardless of ║ ║ the disk or drive type. ║ ║ ║ ║ /2 Causes the disk to be formatted double sided, regardless of ║ ║ the disk or drive type. ║ ║ ║ ║ /4 Allows a high density drive (1.2mb) to format a disk as a ║ ║ standard density (360 kb) disk. Interchangability between ║ ║ disks formatted in a HD drive with the /4 parameter and ║ ║ standard density disks formatted in a non HD drive is not ║ ║ guaranteed. ║ ║ ║ ║ /8 Causes the disk to be formatted with 8 sectors per track ║ ║ rather than 9 sectors/track (360 KB) or 15 sectors (1.2 MB) ║ ║ density. The /V parameter is not compatible with the /8 ║ ║ parameter. ║ ║ ║ ║ /B Formats a 360 KB disk for 8 sectors/track, and allocates ║ ║ space for the hidden system files. A disk formatted with the ║ ║ /B parameter can later be made bootable for any version of ║ ║ MS-DOS or PC-DOS with the SYS command. ║ ║ ║ ║ /V Causes format to prompt the user for a volume label after ║ ║ formatting. A volume label can be from 1 to 11 characters. ║ ║ ║ ║ /S Causes FORMAT to copy the system files from the default drive║ ║ to the newly formatted disk after formatting. ║ ║ The system files consist of two hidden files, MIO.SYS and ║ ║ MSDOS.SYS, and the non hidden file, COMMAND.COM. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 2.11 and higher, PC DOS 2.1 and higher ║ ║ Contains enhanced features available only with MS DOS 3.1 and ║ ║ PC DOS 3.1 and higher. ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@GOTO - Jump to a label in Batch file execution $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : GOTO ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : Internal ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : GOTO [label] ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Sends the program to the command following the specified label ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : In a batch file, labels are indicated by a colon (:) in the first ║ ║ GOTO causes the operation of the batch file to jump to the first ║ ║ command following the label. If the label is not found, the batch ║ ║ file terminates. Note that the GOTO can jump either forward or ║ ║ backward in the batch file. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ EXAMPLE : :START ║ ║ REM This is a loop ║ ║ GOTO START ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 2.11 and higher, PC DOS 2.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@GRAFTABL - load an external extended character font $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : GRAFTABL/GRAFTBNO ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : External ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : GRAFTABL ║ ║ GRAFTBNO ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : GRAFTABL (or GRAFTBNO) loads an extended character font table for ║ ║ the graphics mode. Use Graftbno for the Danish or Norwegian ║ ║ keyboard. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : GRAFTABL loads into memory a table containing foreign language ║ ║ characters (ASCII characters 128 - 255). ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 3.1 and higher, PC DOS 3.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@GRAPHICS - Output screen print to printer in graphics mode $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : GRAPHICS ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : External ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : GRAPHICS [printer][parameter] ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Outputs a screen print to the printer in either test or graphics ║ ║ mode. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : [printer] is one of the following codes: ║ ║ COLOR1 -Color printer using black ribbon. ║ ║ ║ ║ COLOR4 -Color printer using RGB (red,green,blue) ribbon ║ ║ ║ ║ COLOR8 -Color printer using CMY (cyan,magenta,yellow) ║ ║ ribbon. ║ ║ ║ ║ COMPACT -IBM Personal Computer Printer, or equivalent ║ ║ ║ ║ GRAPHICS -IBM Personal Computer Graphics printer, or ║ ║ equivalent. ║ ║ ║ ║ Having established the graphics mode, press SHIFT PRTSCR to print ║ ║ the screen. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ PARAMETERS: /B Background color. Prints the background color when used with║ ║ printer codes COLOR4 and COLOR8. Omitting the /B in these ║ ║ printer codes causes the background color not to be printed.║ ║ ║ ║ /R Inverse mode. Prints the screen image in inverse shading. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 2.11 and higher, PC DOS 2.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@IF - Conditional test for batch file execution control $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : IF ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : Internal ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : IF [condition] [command] ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Used in batch processing, tests four different conditions to ║ ║ determine program flow. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : [condition] can be one of the following: ║ ║ ║ ║ ERRORLEVEL [number] Is true if previous program executed set the ║ ║ ERRORLEVEL to number or higher on exit. ║ ║ ║ ║ [string1] == [string2] Is true if the strings are identical. ║ ║ Spaces and other separators are not allowed within the strings. ║ ║ ║ ║ EXIST [filename] Is true if the file filename exists. ║ ║ ║ ║ NOT [condition] Is true if the condition is false. ║ ║ ║ ║ The command is executed if the condition evaluates to true. If ║ ║ condition is false the command is ignored. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ EXAMPLE : IF EXIST LIST.TXT ECHO the file exists ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 2.11 and higher, PC DOS 2.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@JOIN - Join a disk drive to a path name $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : JOIN ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : External ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : JOIN [d:] [d:][path][parameter] ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Joins a disk drive to a path name ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : Joins two physical drives in one logical path name. ║ ║ ║ ║ If the path name exists prior to the join statement, that path ║ ║ name will not be usable while the join is in effect. ║ ║ ║ ║ After the join, the first drive name becomes invalid. For example ║ ║ if the statement (JOIN A: C:/files) is issued, DOS will report the║ ║ error "invalid drive" if an attemp to access drive A: is made. ║ ║ ║ ║ JOIN can only be applied at the root directory of a disk drive. ║ ║ Drive A: cannot be joined to a subdirectory in C: ║ ║ ║ ║ DOS commands DISKCOMP, DISKCOPY, FORMAT, BACKUP, and RESTORE ║ ║ should not be used while a JOIN is in effect. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ PARAMETERS: /D : deletes an existing JOIN. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ EXAMPLES: A>JOIN A: C:\allfiles allows drives A: and C: to be refered ║ ║ to by the path name allfiles. ║ ║ ║ ║ A>JOIN A: /D deletes the JOIN created in the ║ ║ previous example. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 3.1 and higher, PC DOS 3.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@KEYB** - Load an external keyboard program $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : KEYB** ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : External ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : [d:][path] KEYB** ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Loads a keyboard program into memory to replace the resident ║ ║ ROM BIOS keyboard program. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : The ** is a two character country code to be selected from: ║ ║ Code Country ║ ║ ║ ║ DA Denmark ║ ║ SU Finland ║ ║ FR France ║ ║ IT Italy ║ ║ NO Norway ║ ║ SP Spain ║ ║ SV Sweden ║ ║ UK United Kingdom ║ ║ GR West Germany ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 3.1 and higher, PC DOS 3.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@LABEL - Create or modify disk volume label $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : LABEL ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : External ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : LABEL [d:][volume label] ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Creates, modifies, or deletes a volume label of a disk. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : Use the VOL command to display the current volume label. ║ ║ ║ ║ Entering LABEL without a parameter causes DOS to display the ║ ║ current volume label, then prompt for a new volume label. Pressing║ ║ ENTER or RETURN at that prompt deletes the current label. ║ ║ ║ ║ Volume labels can be up to 11 charcaters in length. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 3.1 and higher, PC DOS 3.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@MKDIR - Create a new directory $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : MKDIR ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : Internal ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : MKDIR [d:][path] or MD [d:][path] ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Makes a new directory on the specified drive. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : If no drive is specified, the default drive is assumed. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ EXAMPLE : MKDIR C:\DATA will create a new subdirectory with the name DATA ║ ║ on drive C: ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 2.11 and higher, PC DOS 2.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@MODE - Control operation of periferal ports $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : MODE ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : External ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : Option a: ║ ║ MODE LPT#:[c],[l],[P] ║ ║ ║ ║ Option b: ║ ║ MODE [n],[d],[T] ║ ║ ║ ║ Option c: ║ ║ MODE COM#: [baud],[parity],[databits],[stopbits],[P],[X] ║ ║ ║ ║ Option d: ║ ║ MODE LPT#: = COMn: ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Controls the mode of operation for the following periferals: ║ ║ Printer, Display monitor, RS232 interface (COM ports) ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS (General): ║ ║ MODE is not changed if a parameter is missing in a MODE command. ║ ║ ║ ║ Serial ports must be initialized with option c if option d is to ║ ║ be used. ║ ║ ║ ║ COMMENTS (Options): ║ ║ ║ ║ Option a: (printer) ║ ║ ║ ║ MODE LPT#:[c],[l],[P] ║ ║ ║ ║ # is the printer number (1 - 4) ║ ║ c is the number of characters per line (80 or 132) ║ ║ l is the number of lines per inch (6 or 8) ║ ║ P specifies continuous retry option for timeout. ║ ║ If P is specified, continuous retry can be stopped by ║ ║ pressing CTRL BREAK ║ ║ ║ ║ Option b: (monitor) ║ ║ ║ ║ MODE [n],[d],[T] ║ ║ ║ ║ n is one of the following: ║ ║ 40 - 40 characters per line ║ ║ 80 - 80 characters per line ║ ║ BW40 - 40 characters per line, black & white (for color ║ ║ monitor) ║ ║ BW80 - 80 characters per line, black & white (for color ║ ║ monitor) ║ ║ CO40 - 40 characters per line, color (for color monitor) ║ ║ CO80 - 80 characters per line, color (for color monitor) ║ ║ MONO - 80 characters per line (for monochrome monitor) ║ ║ ║ ║ m is either R or L (to shift display right or left) ║ ║ ║ ║ T if included, displays a test pattern for display alignment ║ ║ ║ ║ Note: High resolution display can be obtained if you have a ║ ║ high resolution monitor, and have previously entered the ║ ║ ADDCRT command, by preceding the n option with the ║ ║ letter I. ║ ║ ║ ║ Option c: (asynchronous communications controller) ║ ║ ║ ║ MODE COM#: [baud],[parity],[databits],[stopbits],[P],[X] ║ ║ ║ ║ # is the number of the COM port to be addressed ║ ║ ║ ║ baud is the baud rate, as follows: ║ ║ 11 110 baud ║ ║ 15 150 baud ║ ║ 30 300 baud ║ ║ 60 600 baud ║ ║ 12 1200 baud ║ ║ 24 2400 baud ║ ║ 48 4800 baud ║ ║ 96 9600 baud ║ ║ ║ ║ parity can be N (None), O (Odd), or E (Even is default) ║ ║ ║ ║ databits is either 7 (default) or 8 ║ ║ ║ ║ stopbits is either 1 (default for all except 110 baud), or 2 ║ ║ (default for 110 baud) ║ ║ ║ ║ P, if included, specifies continuous retry on timeout errors ║ ║ ║ ║ X, if included, specifies XON/XOFF control. Requires previous ║ ║ ADRS232C command to use XON/XOFF at the RS232 port. ║ ║ ║ ║ Option d: (redirects parallel printer output to a serial port) ║ ║ ║ ║ MODE LPT#: = COMn: ║ ║ ║ ║ # is the printer number (1 - 4) ║ ║ ║ ║ n is the COM port number (1 - 4) ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 2.11 and higher, PC DOS 2.1 and higher ║ ║ Contains enhanced features available only with MS DOS 3.1 and ║ ║ PC DOS 3.1 and higher. ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@MORE - Filter screen output to display one screen at a time $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : MORE ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : External ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : MORE ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Sends output to the console device (monitor) one screen at a time ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : This filter causes the output to the screen to be displayed one ║ ║ screen at a time, waiting for RETURN or ENTER to be pressed to ║ ║ display the next screen. ║ ║ ║ ║ This is useful for displaying long files or directories on the ║ ║ screen. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ EXAMPLE : TYPE AFILE.TXT|MORE displays the file AFILE.TXT one screen at ║ ║ a time on the monitor. ║ ║ ║ ║ DIR|MORE displays the directory of the default drive or directory ║ ║ one the screen one screen at a time. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 2.11 and higher, PC DOS 2.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@PATH - Establish a path to a directory $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : PATH ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : Internal ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : PATH [d:][path][;[d:][path]] ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Causes DOS to search the specified directories for commands not ║ ║ found in the current directory. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : The default is no path. ║ ║ ║ ║ Entering PATH with no path specified displays the current path ║ ║ ║ ║ Multiple paths can be specified in the same PATH command by ║ ║ listing them separated with semicolons. (;) ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ EXAMPLE : PATH\OLREF directs DOS to search the subdirectory \OLREF for any ║ ║ external command not found in the current directory ║ ║ ║ ║ PATH \DOS;\OLREF directs DOS to search both the DOS and OLREF ║ ║ directories for external commands not found in the current ║ ║ directory. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 2.11 and higher, PC DOS 2.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@PAUSE - Pause the execution of a Batch file $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : PAUSE ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : Internal ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : PAUSE [comment] ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Suspends the execution of a batch file and displays the message ║ ║ Strike a key when ready... ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : During the execution of a batch file it may be necessary to pause ║ ║ and wait for the user to perform some activity such as changing ║ ║ disks, or reading a screen of REMarks. The PAUSE command allows ║ ║ this to take place. ║ ║ ║ ║ If, during a pause, CTRL C is pressed the batch file can be ║ ║ terminated by answering Y to the prompt: ║ ║ Terminate batch job (Y/N)? ║ ║ ║ ║ Optional comment can be displayed for the user at a pause in a ║ ║ batch file by placing the comment after the PAUSE command. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ EXAMPLE : PAUSE Insert a new diskette will echo the comment to the screen║ ║ during the pause. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 2.11 and higher, PC DOS 2.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@PRINT - Print file to the printer as a background process $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : PRINT ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : External ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : PRINT [/D:(device)][/B:(size)][/U:(value)][/M:(value)][/S(value)] ║ ║ [/Q(value)][/T][/C][/P][d:][path][filename][.ext] ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Prints a text file to the printer while other DOS commands are ║ ║ processed. (background printing) ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : If ADRS232C is used, the keyboard operation is not normal during ║ ║ PRINT operation. Keyboard input is buffered and displayed in ║ ║ groups of characters as the processor has time. ║ ║ ║ ║ PRINT with no options displays the print queue, without affecting ║ ║ the queue. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ PARAMETERS: /T Terminate. Deletes all files in the print queue, and sends ║ ║ a form feed to the printer. ║ ║ ║ ║ /C Cancel. The preceding filespec and all following filespecs ║ ║ are suspended in the print queue until a /P is issued. ║ ║ ║ ║ /P Print. Turns on the print mode. The filespec and all ║ ║ following files are added to the queue. ║ ║ ║ ║ The following parameters are allowed only the first time a ║ ║ PRINT command is issued after starting DOS. ║ ║ ║ ║ /D Specifies the print device. If not specified, a prompt will ║ ║ be issued. Default is PRN. ║ ║ ║ ║ /B Size of the internal print buffer in bytes. Default is 512 ║ ║ ║ ║ /U Specifies the number of clock ticks that PRINT will wait for║ ║ the printer to become available. If this time is exceeded, ║ ║ PRINT gives up its time slice. Default is 1. ║ ║ ║ ║ /M Specifies the maximum number of clock ticks that PRINT can ║ ║ have to print a file. Range is 1 - 255, default is 2. ║ ║ ║ ║ /S Specifies the time slice. The range is 1 - 255, and the ║ ║ default is 8. ║ ║ ║ ║ /Q Specifies the maximum number of files allowed in the queue. ║ ║ Range is 4 - 32, and the default is 10. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ EXAMPLE : PRINT /T*.%TXT empties the queue, then queues all .TXT files ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 2.11 and higher, PC DOS 2.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@PROMPT - Change the DOS Prompt $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : PROMPT ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : Internal ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : PROMPT [prompt - text] ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Changes the DOS command prompt ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : Entering PROMPT, with no text sets the prompt to the default DOS ║ ║ prompt of d:> ║ ║ ║ ║ The following can be embedded in the prompt text, to provide ║ ║ special prompts. Precede each of these with a $ to distinguish ║ ║ them from test characters. ║ ║ Character Prompt ║ ║ $ The '$' character ║ ║ t The current time ║ ║ d The current date ║ ║ p The current directory ║ ║ v The version number ║ ║ n The default drive ║ ║ g The '>' character ║ ║ l The '<' character ║ ║ b The '|' character ║ ║ _ A CR LF sequence ║ ║ s A space ║ ║ q The '=' character ║ ║ h A backspace ║ ║ e ASCII code 1Bh (escape) ║ ║ ║ ║ If you are using the ANSI escape sequence driver, then escape ║ ║ sequences can be used in the PROMPT. For example, ║ ║ PROMPT $e[7m$n:$e[m Sets the prompt in reverse video, then ║ ║ returns to normal text mode. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ EXAMPLE : PROMPT $$ Sets the prompt to $ ║ ║ PROMPT $g Sets the prompt to > ║ ║ PROMPT Time=$t$_Date=$d Sets a two line prompt: ║ ║ Time=(current time) ║ ║ Date=(current date) ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 2.11 and higher, PC DOS 2.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@RECOVER - Recover files from a disk with bad sectors $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : RECOVER ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : External ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : RECOVER [d:][path]{filename} [.ext] ║ ║ or ║ ║ RECOVER {d:} ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Recover a file or an entire disk that has bad sectors. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : If a sector on a disk is bad, you can recover the file which ║ ║ contains that bad sector (less the segment of the file on the bad ║ ║ sector) or the entire disk (if the bad sector happens to be in the║ ║ directory). ║ ║ ║ ║ To recover a file use: ║ ║ RECOVER {filename} ║ ║ ║ ║ To recover a disk use: ║ ║ RECOVER {d:} ║ ║ ║ ║ The bad disk sectors will be added to the bad block table, and ║ ║ thus will not be used again by DOS. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 2.11 and higher, PC DOS 2.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@REM - Remark $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : REM (remark) ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : Internal ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : REM [ remark ] ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Display a remark during the execution of a batch file ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : Legal separators between words in a remark are space, tab, comma ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ EXAMPLE : REM Batch file complete ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 2.11 and higher, PC DOS 2.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@REN - Rename a file $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : REN (rename) ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : Internal ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : REN [d:][path]{filename}[.ext] {filename}[.ext] ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Changes a file name from the first filename to the second filename║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : Disk and path must be give only if the file is not in the current ║ ║ directory. ║ ║ ║ ║ Wild cards can be used in both the first and second file names. ║ ║ ║ ║ If a file exists with the same name as the new name REN will fail ║ ║ with the error message: ║ ║ Duplicate file name or file not found. ║ ║ ║ ║ A wild card in the second filename will result in the letters in ║ ║ corresponding position of the first filename not to be changed ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ EXAMPLE : REN FILE1.DOC FILE2.DOC Will change the name of FILE1.DOC to ║ ║ FILE2.DOC if a file by that name does ║ ║ not already exist. ║ ║ ║ ║ REN *.TXT *.BAK Will change the extension for all file ║ ║ with extension .TXT to .BAK ║ ║ ║ ║ REN ORLEF.* ?LR??.* Changes any files with misspelling ║ ║ ORLEF to OLREF ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 2.11 and higher, PC DOS 2.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@RESTORE - Restore files from Back up $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : RESTORE ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : External ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : RESTORE d: [d:][path][filename][.ext][parameters] ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Tranfers file[s] from backup disks written by BACKUP ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : Files backed up with BACKUP are only useable after removal from ║ ║ the back up with RESTORE. ║ ║ ║ ║ The first drive in the command line is the source or backup drive ║ ║ The second drive and filespec are the file[s] you want to restore.║ ║ ║ ║ Wildcards can be used in the file name. ║ ║ ║ ║ Error level codes are set on termination and these can be tested ║ ║ in a batch file to control subsequent action in that batch file. ║ ║ Error Codes are as follows: ║ ║ 0 - Normal completion ║ ║ 1 - No files were found to restore ║ ║ 2 - Some of the files specified could not be restored ║ ║ because of file sharing conflicts. ║ ║ 3 - Terminated at keyboard (CTRL BREAK or ESC) ║ ║ 4 - Terminated because of error condition ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ PARAMETERS: /S causes the files in all subdirectories to be restored. ║ ║ ║ ║ /P causes a prompt for each file that has changed since the ║ ║ last backup, or is a read only file. You can decide for each║ ║ file whether or not to restore it. ║ ║ ║ ║ /B Causes only the files that were modified on or before the ║ ║ date given to be restored. (/B:mm-dd-yy). ║ ║ ║ ║ /A Causes only the files that were modified on or after the ║ ║ date given to be restored. (/A:mm-dd-yy). ║ ║ ║ ║ /E Causes only the files that have been modified earlier than ║ ║ the time give to be restored. This parameter can only be ║ ║ used with the /B parameter. (/E:hh:mm:ss) ║ ║ ║ ║ /L Causes only the files that have been modified later than ║ ║ the time give to be restored. This parameter can only be ║ ║ used with the /A parameter. (/L:hh:mm:ss) ║ ║ ║ ║ /M Causes only those files that have been modified since the ║ ║ last back up to be restored. ║ ║ ║ ║ /N Causes only the files that no longer exist on the ║ ║ destination disk to be restored. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ EXAMPLE : C>RESTORE A: C:\OLREF\*.ORD Restores any files in the backup║ ║ on drive a: that match the filespec *.ORD to the \OLREF║ ║ directory on C: ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 2.11 and higher, PC DOS 2.1 and higher ║ ║ Contains enhanced features available only with MS DOS 3.1 and ║ ║ PC DOS 3.1 and higher. ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@RMDIR - Remove a directory $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : RMDIR ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : Internal ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : RMDIR [d:] path or RD [d:] path ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Removes a directory from a disk directory. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : Directory to be removed must be empty of all files except the ║ ║ . and .. directory entries. ║ ║ ║ ║ Use DEL to delete all files in the directory before removing the ║ ║ directory. ║ ║ ║ ║ The directory to be removed can not be the current directory. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ EXAMPLE : DEL \OLREF\DATA\*.* ║ ║ RD \OLREF\DATA Can be executed from any directory except ║ ║ \OLREF\DATA to remove that directory. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 2.11 and higher, PC DOS 2.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@ROMVER - Display ROM - BIOS version information $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : ROMVER ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : External ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : ROMVER ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Displays the ROM BIOS version number. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : For systems that support fixed disk BIOS (FXD) and hardware self -║ ║ test (HST), Romver also returns the firmware version number for ║ ║ these ROM programs. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 2.11 and higher, PC DOS 2.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@SELECT - Select default Country and keyboard settings $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : SELECT ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : External ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : SELECT [country code] [keyboard code] ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Creates a bootable DOS diskette which automatically loads the ║ ║ following when booted: Keyboard, Date format, Time format, ║ ║ currency symbol and decimal separator. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : Besides making a bootable diskette using DISKCOPY, this function ║ ║ writes a CONFIG.SYS file to invoke the COUNTRY command, which ║ ║ establishes the data, time, and currency formats. In addition, ║ ║ SELECT writes an AUTOEXEC.BAT file that loads the KEYB** driver. ║ ║ ║ ║ Follow the instructions displayed on the screen when running ║ ║ SELECT from diskettes to insert the appropriate DOS diskette ║ ║ at the correct time. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 3.1 and higher, PC DOS 3.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@SET - Set environment $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : SET (environment) ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : Internal ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : SET [string = string] ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Sets one string value as equivalent to another for use later. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : This can be used to set global values that can later be tested by ║ ║ applications programs. For example, SET FILE = OLREF sets a ║ ║ variable that can be referenced in a batch file as %FILE%. ║ ║ ║ ║ SET can also be used to set the environment. For example, ║ ║ SET TTY = VT52 sets terminal emulation to VT52 for tty operation. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 2.11 and higher, PC DOS 2.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@SHARE - Initialize file sharing $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : SHARE ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : External ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : SHARE [parameters] ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Installs the file sharing capability and defines limits. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : The SHARE command is only valid in multiuser or networking ║ ║ environments. Once SHARE has been invoked, all subsequent file ║ ║ read and write operations are filtered by DOS for sharing ║ ║ violations before they are acted on. ║ ║ ║ ║ See ATTRIB to set file sharing attributes. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ PARAMETERS: /F Allocates file space (in bytes) for the memory area that is ║ ║ reserved by DOS to maintain file sharing status. Space ║ ║ required for each file to be opened is the complete filespec║ ║ including path, plus 11 bytes. Default is 2048 bytes. ║ ║ ║ ║ /L Allocates the number of file locks to be available. The ║ ║ default value is 20. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 3.1 and higher, PC DOS 3.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@SHIFT - SHIFT Batch file parameters to allow more than 10 parameters $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : SHIFT ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : Internal ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : SHIFT ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Allows more than 10 replaceable parameters (variables) in command ║ ║ line for batch file processing ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : Command line parameters for batch files are normally limited to ║ ║ 10 placeholders (%0 through %9). If more than 10 are needed, the ║ ║ SHIFT command can be used to shift all parameters down one, and to║ ║ load the next parameter into what had been the highest used value.║ ║ The lowest value parameter is thus lost. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ EXAMPLE : If parameters are: %0-OLREF %1-ON %2-LINE %3-REFERENCE ║ ║ %4 - %9 unassigned, after a shift command the parameters will ║ ║ be: %0-ON %1-LINE %2-REFERENCE %3 - %9 unassigned. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 2.11 and higher, PC DOS 2.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@SORT - Sort lines in a file $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : SORT ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : External ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : SORT [parameters] ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Reads input, sorts the data, then outputs the sorted data to the ║ ║ screen or to a file. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : Sort can be used to sort lines in a file alphabetically. The ║ ║ starting column for the sort can be any column. ║ ║ ║ ║ Can be used as a filter for output to the console. See second ex. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ PARAMETERS: /R Reverses the order of the sort (Z to A rather than A to Z) ║ ║ ║ ║ /+n Specifies the starting column for the sort. If this switch ║ ║ is not specified the default is column one. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ EXAMPLE : SORT /+5 NOTSORT.TXT SORTED.TXT Sorts the file NOTSORT.TXT ║ ║ starting at the 5th column, and writes the output in the file ║ ║ SORTED.TXT. ║ ║ In this case, the line ║ ║ 99Z APPLE will be placed before the line ║ ║ 01A BANANA ║ ║ ║ ║ DIR |SORT filters the directory, sorting it before displaying the║ ║ directory on the screen. The file names will appear in ║ ║ alphabetical order. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 2.11 and higher, PC DOS 2.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@SUBST - Substitue a drive name for a path name $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : SUBST ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : External ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : SUBST [drive] [pathname] [parameter] ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Substitutes a drive name as an alias for a path name. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : Allows referencing of a pathname as if it were a physical drive. ║ ║ ║ ║ The drive letter designation chosen must not already be assigned ║ ║ to an existing drive. ║ ║ ║ ║ SUBST can be used as a shorthand for long path designations. For ║ ║ example, SUBST E: \UTILITIES\OLREF\DATA can be used to allow the ║ ║ path to be refered to as E:, eliminating typing the explicit path.║ ║ ║ ║ Use the command LASTDRIVE in your CONFIG.SYS if the SUBST command ║ ║ results in an 'invalid parameter' error for drive letters greater ║ ║ than E: ║ ║ ║ ║ Do not use ASSIGN, BACKUP, DISKCOMP, DISKCOPY, FDISK, FORMAT, ║ ║ JOIN, LABEL, or RESTORE commands with a drive letter created by ║ ║ a SUBST command. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ PARAMETERS: /d Deletes an alias created with the SUBST command. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 3.1 and higher, PC DOS 3.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@SYS - Write system files on a diskette $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : SYS ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : External ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : SYS {d:} ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Transfers the three DOS system files to the disk specified in the ║ ║ command line. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : A disk may only be modified with SYS if it has been formatted and ║ ║ has no files and no label, or has been formatted with the /S or ║ ║ /B parameters. ║ ║ ║ ║ If a disk that has been formatted with /S or /B is to have a new ║ ║ copy of DOS written to it with SYS, the old and new system files ║ ║ must be the same size. Therefore, a diskette formatted as bootable║ ║ with MS DOS 2.11 can not be made a MS DOS 3.1 disk with the SYS ║ ║ command. ║ ║ ║ ║ SYS can not be used on a network drive. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 2.11 and higher, PC DOS 2.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@TIME - Display or set the system time $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : TIME ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : Internal ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : TIME [hh:mm:ss.cc] ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Display or set the time of the system clock. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : If TIME is entered without any parameters, the current time is ║ ║ displayed. Enter the new time and press RETURN to change the time,║ ║ or press RETURN to return to DOS without changing the time. ║ ║ ║ ║ The format for time is hh:mm:ss.cc, where all characters must be ║ ║ numeric. Seconds and hundredths of seconds are optional, as are ║ ║ leading zeros ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 2.11 and higher, PC DOS 2.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@TREE - Display directory tree structure $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : TREE ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : External ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : TREE [d:] [parameter] [>filename] ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Display all directory paths found on the specified drive. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : If [>filename] is given, the output from TREE is redirected from ║ ║ the console to the file specified. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ PARAMETERS: /F specifies that all files found in each of the directories ║ ║ be listed. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ EXAMPLE : TREE C:/F >TREE.LST lists each directory, and all the files in ║ ║ each directory to the file TREE.LST. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 2.11 and higher, PC DOS 2.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@TYPE - Display a file to the screen $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : TYPE ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : Internal ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : TYPE [d:][path][filename][.ext] ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Displays the contents of a file to the screen. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : Wild cards can not be used in the file specification for the TYPE ║ ║ command. ║ ║ ║ ║ If the file to be typed is a binary file (contains non - ASCII ║ ║ characters), the display may be unreadable, and the bell may sound║ ║ as the file is typed. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 2.11 and higher, PC DOS 2.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@VER - Display DOS version number $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : VER ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : Internal ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : VER ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Displays the DOS version number ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : Typing VER returns the version of DOS under which the computer ║ ║ is booted. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 2.11 and higher, PC DOS 2.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@VERIFY - Enable/Disable disk write verification $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : VERIFY ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : Internal ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : VERIFY [ON / OFF] ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Toggles the verify function when writing to a disk. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : Performs the same function as the /V switch in the COPY command ║ ║ for all disk write commands. ║ ║ ║ ║ Checks for bad sectors and other disk errors. ║ ║ ║ ║ Disk write times are slower with VERIFY set on. ║ ║ ║ ║ VERIFY ON is cancelled by the command VERIFY OFF. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 2.11 and higher, PC DOS 2.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@VOL - Display disk volume label $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : VOL (volume) ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : Internal ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : VOL [d:] ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Display a disk volume label (if any) ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : If specified disk does not have a volume label, the message ║ ║ Volume in drive d has no label. ║ ║ ║ ║ If drive is not given the default is the current drive. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 2.11 and higher, PC DOS 2.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ @@XFORMAT - Format a second (or higher) DOS patition $$ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ COMMAND : XFORMAT ║ ╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣ ║ TYPE : External ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ SYNTAX : XFORMAT [d:][/V] ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ FUNCTION : Format the second DOS partition of a fixed disk drive. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMMENTS : During format, the disk is analyzed for any errors. ║ ║ ║ ║ After the command XFORMAT [d:] is issued, the message ║ ║ Ver x.xx ║ ║ Press any key to begin formatting d: ║ ║ is displayed. After any key is pressed, the message ║ ║ Formatting.. ║ ║ indicates that formatting is in progress ║ ║ ║ ║ If the /V parameter has been entered, before the formatting ║ ║ begins the user is prompted for a volume label. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ PARAMETERS: /V instructs DOS to prompt for a volume label. Valid labels ║ ║ are any name fron 1 to 11 characters. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ EXAMPLE : XFORMAT D:/V formats drive partition D:, prompting for a volume ║ ║ label. ║ ╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢ ║ COMPATABILITY: MS DOS 2.11 and higher, PC DOS 2.1 and higher ║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝